President Biden has recently released his Energy Plan which outlines the steps he hopes the United States will take in order to mitigate the worst effects of the Climate Crisis. While the plan is considered ambitious, this “all of the above” approach is what is needed to reach a 50% reduction in greenhouse gasses by 2030. When it comes to electricity, that means we need to build as much solar, storage, wind, and geothermal as possible. For solar specifically, we need to invest heavily in utility-scale projects and distributed generation projects. Utility-scale solar has been getting a lot of attention on Capitol Hill, but it’s critical that distributed generation is also prioritized if we want to meet the aggressive timelines laid out by the White House. To facilitate this effort, the government must quickly adopt policies at the federal, state, and local levels that promote and support this rapid transformation of our electricity system.
Price Signals Lead to Growth
How can policymakers maximize the amount of distributed generation capacity being built each year while minimizing the impact on ratepayers? The answer is a Value of Solar Tariff. Value of Solar Tariffs set a price for solar production designed to reflect the full value that is being created by a solar project. Minnesota’s Value of Solar tariff and New York’s Value of Distributed Energy Resources (VDER) tariff provide the framework for this policy solution that promises to deliver the most capacity at the lowest cost.
For those unfamiliar with those programs, the Value of Solar Tariff is determined by adding up multiple factors that represent different economic benefits of solar energy, sometimes referred to in the industry as the “value stack”. In Minnesota’s program, the tariff is set by adding:
- Avoided Environmental Costs
- Avoided Fuel Costs
- Avoided Generation Capacity
- Avoided Transmission Capacity
- Avoided Distribution Capacity
- Avoided Plant Operations and Maintenance
- Avoided Reserve Capacity Costs
In New York, the VDER tariff is determined by adding:
- Energy Value
- Capacity Value
- Environmental Value
- Demand Reduction Value
- Locational System Relief Value
New York has also historically given additional value to community solar generation. In both programs, an actual dollar figure is assigned to each benefit created by clean local generation projects.
The Added Value of Distributed Generation
Utilities often present a false choice between the low cost of utility-scale generation and the higher cost of distributed generation without acknowledging the additional value created by distributed generation. The environmental benefits and the avoided fuel costs are typically the same for both utility-scale generation and distributed generation, but distributed generation creates numerous additional values such as:
- Reduces the need to build new electricity transmission and distribution lines (because generating capacity is built right where it can be used)
- Reduces the need to upgrade existing transmission and distribution lines
- Reduces the need to upgrade power substations
- Reduces the need to build new power plants and delays upgrades
- Lowers operations and maintenance costs
Improving the Policy
The New York and Minnesota programs have proven very successful but there is opportunity for improvement as other states look to adopt this framework. One such improvement to add to the value stack is the obvious yet often overlooked factor of Health Savings. The value of Health Savings will vary by region, but reducing pollution from burning carbon benefits society at large by lowering rates of asthma, respiratory disease, and heart attacks, just to name a few. A recent study by Harvard University estimated more than 8 million premature deaths worldwide are caused by fossil fuel pollution, with over 350,000 occurring in the United States. That is roughly 20% of all deaths in the world. Assigning a Climate Mitigation value to the value stack should also be seriously considered. The past 15 years have given us a sense of just how costly the Climate Crisis can be, due to the impact of hurricanes, floods, droughts, wildfires, heatwaves, deep freezes, blizzards, tornadoes, and insect-borne illnesses. Historically, we have paid an artificially low price for electricity, with the associated costs of climate-related natural disasters externalized, only to be paid by society decades later, often by people who were not the original polluters, such as lower-income and other vulnerable populations. The cost of dealing with natural disasters is rising as they become more intense and more frequent. Rate makers should work with insurance actuaries to estimate the future value created by a clean kilowatt-hour and amortize that value into a Value of Solar tariff.
More Megawatts Means More Benefits
Policymakers can improve upon Minnesota’s program by following Colorado's lead and increasing the maximum participation size to 5MWac. Increasing the maximum system size will allow for additional economies of scale and will accelerate the interconnection of new renewable generation capacity across the grid. 5MWac projects can be safely installed on the distribution system, while smaller limits will only slow growth.
Fixed Revenue Contracts
One benefit that Minnesota’s program includes, and New York’s does not, is a guarantee of projects receiving the Value of Solar tariff at a prescribed rate for 25 years with a fixed rate increase. New York’s rates vary over time which makes the projects more difficult to finance, thus slowing adoption. Minnesota also resets the tariff rate each year (forward only, not retroactively), which allows rate makers to adjust the program to accurately reflect the value being created and modify the program with an eye toward increasing adoption at the lowest possible cost.
Allow All Projects to Participate
Given that distributed renewable energy generation creates value across the grid, and for society at large, all projects under 5MWac should be allowed to participate in Value of Solar programs. Allowing universal participation will accelerate market growth and lead to more geographic diversity among projects. Once a baseline Value of Solar tariff has been established, regulators should then consider creating adders to encourage investment in projects that create additional societal value.
Locational Adders
Similar to Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the tariff could include an Adder value for rooftop, carport, and brownfield projects. Or similar to New Jersey, more desirable projects like rooftop, carport, and brownfield projects would receive the full Value of Solar tariff while greenfield projects would only receive a percentage of total value (or a factorization of value). This additional step will help offset the increased cost of rooftop, carport, and brownfield solar development while also reflecting the increased value created through efficient land use, dual-use (carports), and added locational value (on-site).
Community Solar as an Added Benefit, Not a Requirement
Community Solar is great in that it allows certain customers to participate in the benefits of solar who could not otherwise, such as renters, low and moderate-income (LMI) ratepayers, and anybody whose home or business is not well suited for on-site solar. We should continue to encourage Community Solar by following New York’s example and including a Community Solar adder in the value stack. A larger LMI Community Solar adder could also be included to further encourage the development of projects that specifically cater to low and moderate-income communities.
Conclusion
In order to accelerate the adaptation of distributed solar + storage, it will be critical to work with our state policymakers and Utility Commissions to create Value of Solar tariff programs across the country. Value of Solar tariffs can better reflect the true value of solar production, and they create well-balanced price signals that eliminate uncertainty and lead to rapid growth. It is critical that we all continue to push an "all of the above" approach, but prioritizing distributed generation will help reduce pollution, optimize existing grid infrastructure, and create good-paying local jobs. Minnesota and New York have shown us the way, now it is up to activists, politicians, regulators, business leaders, and ordinary citizens to build on that success and pave the way to a clean energy future.How Can New Energy Equity Help You Reach Your Solar Goals?
